FOIA In more recent years several approaches confirmed these findings (89). Considering that most dreams in rats (31,32) are related to olfaction, not to vision, potentials that resemble PGOs in the amygdala of this animal species should also be taken as signs of dreaming rather than PGOs. No wonder that most dreams in humans have a visual component, explaining the reason why eye movements occur in any kind of dream, alone or as part of non-visual dreams. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Kohyama J, Shimomira M, Iwakawa y. Brainstem control of phasic mucsle activity during REM sleep: a review and hypothesis. Desseilles M, Dang-Vu TT, Sterpenich V, Schwartz S. Conscious Cogn. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. Vertes RB, Eastman KE. 98. As a prevailing concept even today, dreams were considered premonitory, messages from the dead and mystical warnings. Neurosc Biobehav Rev 1992;16:372-97. 2022 Nov 3;12(11):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832. 41. A correlation has been proposed between the development of desynchronized sleep in children and their waking cognitive maturation (24). New findings on the neurological organization of dreaming: implications for psychoanalysis. Cole AJ, Saffen DW, Baraban JM, Worley PF. Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne. Douglas NJ. Several authors also quantified the kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. This author reported that dream production in human subjects from 3 to 5 years of age was minimal and that the content of the dream reports generally consisted of "static imagery" in the absence of narrative context. 136. Oka T, Iwakiri H, Mori S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat. Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. (36,37) have recorded contraction of the tympanic muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) during human sleep. 112. During the nineteenth century several physiologists and neuropsychiatrists tried to understand the mechanisms and meaning of dreams. Webanalyzing dreams. Electroencerph Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:617-29. 90. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? In humans the electro-oscillograms during desynchronized sleep are expressed as overall cortical desynchronization, whence the adequacy of the name created by Moruzzi, desynchronized sleep. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Winson (1990) believes that dreams "reflect an individual strategy for survival. WebEssentially, during sleep the mind integrates new information acquired during the previous day into memory and processes it by making necessary connections. De Sanctis S. I Sogni e il Sonno. Head jerky movements may reflect vestibular dreams. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66:383-90. Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). 111. Neurosci Conscious. Instead, they thought that dreams were not provoked by spirits, ghosts or gods, which took over the mind to express themselves through dreaming. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. It is interesting to consider that while muscles all over the body are paralyzed during sleep, respiration is little affected, except that some muscles in the upper respiratory airways are inhibited during sleep (44). Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. Eine Methodik der Ableitung localisierter Potentialschwankungen aus subcortikalen Hirngebieten. Wehr TA. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:25-44. Timo-Iaria C. Early research on dreaming. Epub 2010 Nov 12. Such movements occur while motoneurons are being inhibited through hyperpolarization of their membrane (41,75). NeuroReport 1995;6:532-6. (1962) clearly demonstrated that in the cat blood diastolic pressure falls deeply to around 60 mmHg, beginning as soon as the electrocorticogram starts to desynchronize. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. Pontine cholinergic neurons show fos-like immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. 113. Interestingly enough, if body temperature in cats subjected to pontomesencephalic transection is lowered, the amount of desynchronized sleep increases. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. They found that during the desynchronized phase there occur eye movements, the reason why such phase has been given the name of REM-sleep (14). His personal oracle, however, disagreed and convinced him that his dreams were warnings from the gods. Rothschuch KR. Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. Physiol Behav 1974;12:293-5. 13 Loomis AL, Harvey DN, Hobart GA. Distribution of disturbance patterns in the human electroencephalogram, with special reference to sleep. Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-cyle an (H2O)-O-15 PET study. In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. The first oscillation lasts around two hours, when sleep attains its deepest level; the ensuing cycles last less and their depth tends to decrease until arousal finally occurs, a sequence that recent research has fully confirmed. In rats penile erection in desynchronized sleep has also been detected and was found to cease after spinal transection; following mesencephalic transections that spare desynchronized sleep, penile erection was deeply reduced (11). Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1978. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 59. These authors argue that despite the marked suppression of desynchronized sleep provoked by tricyclic antidepressants neither selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors and mono-amino-oxydase nor learning and memory are disrupted. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. Recently, theta waves frequency were proved in our Laboratory to be linearly related to intelligence in rats, as evaluated by the time necessary to learn operant conditioning tasks (77). Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. Problems with Physiological function Theory This does 2. Maquet P, Peters JM, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, et al. As stated above, any behavior is expressed as a combination of motor components and vegetative components. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. Sleep 1999;22:409-18. Rapid increase of an immediate early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. A theory that has many Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). 14. Brainstem mechanisms of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Brain Develop 1994;16:81-91. 121. Brain Res 1985;327:362-6. 104. J Physiol (London) 1993;461:549-63. Figure 9 illustrates an episode of olfactory and vibrissal movements. Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The hypothesis has been recently put forward by Revonsuo (2000) that the function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance (111). 47. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:502-7. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. 53. Europ J Neurosci 1994;6:1298-1306. It is most likely an elementary brain activity in homeotherms and thus, if dreaming has a function, it probably plays a similar role in the human brain and in nonhuman brains as well. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963. They may well be activated during the behaviors caused by dreams (and which are not the dreams but their consequences), that are expressed as eye, head, lips, tongue, fingers, legs and other movements, that is, the motor components of the oniric behaviors. Would you like email updates of new search results? (1991) and Lovblad et al. Vanni-Mercier G, Pelisson D, Goffart L, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Eye saccade dynamics during paradoxical sleep in the cat. It has been proposed (120,123,124) that presleep mentation is infrequently incorporated in top dreams and that "naturalistic" day time events rarely enter dream content, but several authors correlated dream content to the previous day events, starting with Aristotle 2,400 years ago and with Calkins in 1893. 117. Vertes RP. Van de Castle RL. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. In humans a dream may be reported and its content can thus be analyzed. Deprivation of desynchronized sleep during early development not only retards brain maturation but also inhibits the growth response to the brain environmental stimulation later in life (113). The tonic inhibition of motoneurons by circuits in the alphacoeruleus nucleus during desynchronized sleep is mediated by hyperpolarization of their membrane (41-43). Apparently, the main cause of such a reduction of blood pressure and heart rate is the active inhibition of the baroreceptor reflexes during this phase of sleep. If this hypothesis is correct, it is no surprise that the phases of wakefulness and sleep are expressed in the cerebellar cortex by means of electrophysiological potentials. 31. Life Science 1989;45:1349-56. This organ receives information from the entire body, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi (80). Longitudinal studies. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Salvert D, Touret M, Toyama M, Jouvet M. Tegmentoreticular projections with special reference to the muscular distonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. Esquirol, one of the French psychiatrists who started the revolution that changed the ancient (an cruel) view of the mental diseases, spent several hours at night observing how his patients behaved during sleep and concluded that their movements while asleep were related to their dreams, just as Aristotle had found long ago. Before A regular oscillation modulates the amplitude of the potentials. (eds. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. The correlation between dream content and the oniric movements was first studied by Aristotle, who identified lip, eye and limb movements and correctly related them to what was being dreamed of. These interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses (glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter), as shown by Soja et al. Fratelli Bocca Editori, Torino 1899. Psychosomat Med 1975;37:147-59. Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. Some presently available explanations seem science fiction, rather than true science. During normal walking the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles are mobilized in opposition but when they contract as part of a dream their contraction may be in opposition (in some periods), what happens in normal deambulatory movements, or simultaneous (in subsequent or preceding periods), which does not occur in normal deambulation. Madsen PC, Holm S, Vorstup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF. What is the Eye movements in born-blinds are probably due to a quite different reason. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). It is interesting that the representation of animals in dreams of infants is quite conspicuous. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. The heart rate and breathing quickens, and blood pressure rises. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. 39. Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental stimulation of motor activity in man. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). Careers. Chase MH, Morales FR. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. 64. Although such movements are not always obviously compatible with the dream content (27), as should be expected (see below), as a rule they can be related to the dreams. WebHe says the function of dreams is that by reproducing difficult or unsolved life situations or experiences, the dream aids towards a solving or resolution of the problems. ):163-6. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832 by making necessary connections, new theories of dreaming were proposed MM, Marchiafava,!, Luxen a, et al, Dang-Vu TT, Sterpenich V, Schwartz Conscious! 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